Tamil Radio 1.0 Tamil Radio. Download; Screenshot; Tamil Radio is the easiest way to listen to Tamil FM radio and enjoy your favorite Tamil songs while browsing the web.Tamil Radio is totally FREE, safe and clean software which enables you to listen to Tamil radio, watch live Tamil TV, get the latest Tamil news and more. All with a simple add-on for your browser. Tamil Radio 1.0 Tamil Radio Download; Screenshot; Tamil Radio is the easiest way to listen to Tamil FM radio and enjoy your favorite Tamil songs while browsing the web. Tamil Radio is totally FREE, safe and clean software which enables you to listen to Tamil radio, watch live Tamil TV, get the latest Tamil news and more. All with a simple add-on for your browser.
.Dravidian parties include an array of in the of, India, which trace their origins and ideologies either directly or indirectly to the of.The Dravidian movement was based on the linguistic divide in India,where most of the, and languages are classified as, whereas the languages are classified as.Dravidian politics has developed by associating itself to the. The original goal of Dravidian politics was to achieve social equality, but it later championed the cause of ending the domination of North India over the politics and economy of the South Indian province known as.Most Dravidian parties are offshoots of (DK). There are also a few other parties in Tamil Nadu that did not arise from DK directly. Nevertheless, both the former and the latter are considered as Dravidian parties because of the similarities of their ideals and goals.(DMK) and its political rival (AIADMK) have been the major players among the Dravidian parties since the mid-1960s.Since the elections, only the DMK and the AIADMK have formed governments in Tamil Nadu. These two parties are political rivals.Barring with the DMK or AIADMK, since the 1990s no other political party has won more than a few seats in the Indian parliament or state legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu. Since 1996, members of the DMK and AIADMK have held portfolios in the of the.
Another Dravidian party is.is pervasive in Dravidian politics, with five of the seven chief ministers from these parties being directly involved in, either as script writers or actors. Recently owned by these parties have been used for political propaganda purposes. Contents.Rise of Dravidian politics Background Most of the Indian population are classified as. Most northern Indian languages are classified as, whereas most southern Indian languages are.
The term Aryan as a race was first propounded by the German employee of East India Company, Fredrich Maxmillan Muller aka Max Muller who in 1853 proposed that a group of people called Aryans had invaded India in 1500 BC. This theory was actively supported by the British colonialists of the period led by Thomas Macaulay who stated that there was a need to develop a breed of Indian 'who would be Indian by blood and colour but Western by morals and intellect'., a of the Aryan group, was considered to be a sacred language, whereas in the former state of, it was a commonly held opinion in that the Dravidian tongues were inferior. The linguistic divide was even more pronounced given the political dominance of in South India.The Brahmins, who occupied the highest strata in the, accounted for 3% of the population in Madras Presidency, but held 60 to 79% of the positions in major government departments in the early 20th century. It was observed by some non-Brahmin leaders from the south that Brahmins were Aryans, and hence non-natives, who had taken positions in the government that should rightfully be filled by people indigenous to the area.The antipathy towards Sanskrit compounded with the animosity against the Brahimins paved the way for the rise of Dravidian politics in Madras Presidency. Early Dravidian politics. Was one of the founders of Justice Party in 1916.An early pioneer in Dravidian politics was in the late 19th century. His efforts brought together the lower caste Dravidians with the establishment of the Dravida Mahajana Sabha organisation in 1891.
A major leap in Dravidian politics was the formation of the Madras United League by non-Brahmin intellectuals, who considered the dominance of Brahmins in civil administration a threat to the non-Brahmin majority.The League was initially started as a workgroup that helped non-Brahmin students in with accommodation. It later grew into a under the efforts of leaders like. The party was named South Indian Liberal Federation (S.
F.) – popularly known as the. Justice Party era. Main article:A limited form of self governance was introduced in after. While the Justice Party saw this as an opportunity to displace Brahmin dominance, the British government considered it favourable, since the spearheading the was dominated by Brahmins. The Justice party emerged as a winner in the 1920 general elections and brought about the reforms it had campaigned for, including establishing through for the first time in the country, and brought under state control. Soon after their electoral success the animosity between and members deepened, thus weakening the party.
Nevertheless, the Justice Party electorally dominated the presidency for 17 years until it was defeated by the Indian National Congress party in 1937. Although out of power, the Justice Party was involved in demonstrations across the Province against the introduction of as a compulsory subject of study in schools by a -led government, which led to the detainment of scores of Tamil scholars, academics and Justice Party leaders. This and other struggles for social justice helped create the social base of what emerged as the Dravidian Movement. Dravidar Kazhagam. See also:The next few years saw a decline in the Justice Party's popularity. In 1938, the by then badly weakened party sought the leadership of, a leader of the Dravidian Movement, who became its president. In 1944, Periyar changed the name of the party to Dravidar Kazhagam (Dravidian organisation`` in English).
This move was opposed by some members of the Party who continued contesting elections as the Justice Party under the leadership of until 1957. Periyar as the president of Dravidiar Kazhagam considered that contesting in elections would lead to compromises in principles and withdrew Dravida Kazhagam from parliamentary politics.
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Birth of DMK. Main article:In 1947, when India attained independence, Periyar called for members of the Dravidar Kazhagam to boycott the celebrations. According to him, the Indian National Congress was dominated by Brahmins.
He predicted that an independent India would bring South Indians, especially Tamils, under the dominance of Brahmins and North Indians. In other words, according to Periyar, independence would lead to the replacement of British dominance with Brahmin and North Indian dominance. He felt an independent nation called for the South Indians would be the best solution. Periyar declared 15 August 1947, the day of, as a day of mourning. This move was opposed by other leaders within the party, including. Annadurai viewed independence as an achievement for all of India rather than solely of the Aryan North.On 9 July 1948 Periyar married woman 40 years his junior, leading to a split in the party.The leaders of the splitting faction eventually formed a new party, or DMK ( Progressive Dravidian Organisation in English), in 1949.
Independent Dravida Nadu. See also:Although initially both DK and DMK sought an independent Dravida Nadu, DK later moved on to work on bringing social changes whereas DMK leaders such as and endeavoured to achieve their goals through parliamentary election processes.Sampath, who had earlier forfeited his seniority with Periyar's party to join DMK, saw the call for an independent Dravida Nadu was turning out to be an unrealistic goal.Sampath expressed concerns over using film stars to increase the popularity of the party. His views led him to cross swords with the major leaders of the party and eventually caused the first split in DMK.
Sampath left DMK to begin his own party called the.Although leaders like Annadurai were firm in their separatist stance, the on a linguistic basis removed, and speaking regions from Madras Presidency, leaving behind a predominantly Tamil. Giving in to political realities, Annadurai and his DMK changed their call for an independent Dravida Nadu for Dravidians to an independent Tamil Nadu for Tamils. Annadurai saw that remaining in the meant accepting linguistic domination and economic backwardness.
However, the brought about changes in the. The Sixteenth Amendment (also known as the Anti-Secessionist Amendment ) banned any party with sectarian principles from contesting elections. Consequently, DMK preferred to keep the issue of Dravida Nadu on the backburner.From then on DMK's main focus targeted the dominance of North Indians in the. DMK government. Main article:After dropping the demand for an independent Dravida Nadu, DMK changed its focus to the problems arising out of the disparity between North and South India. The DMK considered that the south was neglected by delays in sanctioning development projects and allotment of funds. Thus the Congress-led Central government became its major target for calls for reform.
Immediately after Indian independence the Congress Party was popular throughout India and thus formed the government in many states including Madras Presidency. Even so, the Congress Party failed to obtain an absolute majority in the presidency in the state's first election. By the 1960s the popularity of the Congress party was in a steady decline.DMK leaders also perceived that the attempts to declare Hindi as the sole national language of India was an attempt impose an Aryan language unwilling people in the South. According to the terms of the Indian constitution dated 26 January 1965, English as an would come to an end and Hindi would become the sole official language. However, the Madras in 1965 compelled the Central Government in India change its language policy, allowing English to continue as an official language.Although DMK was not directly involved in the violence that marred the agitation, the protest itself catapulted DMK to political power in the State in the. Annadurai became the first non-Congress Chief Minister of the post-1950 Madras state as a result.The electoral victory in 1967 led to an among the non-Congress parties to avoid a split in the votes., a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.
Split in DMK and birth of AIADMK MGR and the split from DMK. Main articles: andM. Ramachandran, popularly known as MGR, was an in and a well known propagator of Dravidian ideologies in his movies since 1953. In the 1970s as the then of DMK, he played a vital part in popularising the party, bringing many of his fans as supporters.A political feud between MGR and the party's president had been ongoing since the death of Annadurai in 1969. It arose from Karunanidhi calling himself the ' of Tamil Nadu'.
Soon after the electoral victory of DMK in 1971, some of senior members expressed concern that MGR's popularity was growing strong within the party cadres.Karunanidhi made several attempts to weaken MGR's position within the party. MGR retaliated with corruption charges and a call for a boycott of the party's General Council.DMK's General Council suspended MGR from the party stating that he had involved himself in 'anti party activities'. Although MGR had lost support from top-ranking leaders within the DMK, the strong public reaction following his suspension demonstrated his popular support within the party's volunteers. Inspired by this support from the party's lower cadres and his fans, MGR launched his own party, (AIADMK, Anna DMK named after Annadurai: Anna was his nickname). AIADMK government MGR presented his new party to as the regional equivalent of her Party. Indira Gandhi was the head of her party, which she split from the with the support of lower cadres and opposition from senior party leaders.Thus AIADMK could show itself as an equally strong alternative to that of DMK with which Congress (I) could ally. From then on, the Congress (I) Party fought elections in the State in alliance with one of the two parties.
Ever since then the Dravidian parties have helped the Congress (I) sustain itself in the State, but with limited ambitions.In 1977, the DMK government, led by Karunanidhi, was dismissed under corruption charges by the Central government of India, led by Congress (I), which had by then allied with AIADMK. Further divisions Further offshoots of DMK. See also: and, a veteran actor of, was a founding member of DMK party.
The actor himself was nicknamed Sivaji by Periyar E. Ramasami after his role portraying the king. Nevertheless, differences between the party leadership and the actor widened since he perceived that M.
Ramachandran, his acting contemporary, was given more prominence than himself. Furthermore, he started distancing himself from the party's anti-religious atheistic stance to satisfy his religious fans. Hence when E. Sampath launched his own splinter from DMK (in the name of Tamil National Party), Sivaji left DMK and joined Sampath. However, Tamil National Party itself was short-lived and was merged into Congress. Sivaji, although a member of Congress party, maintained distance from the party activities and concentrated more on his film career.
After the death of M. Ramachandran in 1987, Sivaji re-launched his political career with his own party Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani ('Tamil Nadu Development Front' in English). The party lost every single seat it contested for in. Sivaji dissolved the party, asked his party cadres to join the and openly regretted his decision to have ever launched his own party.The Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ('Progressive Dravidian Renaissance Organisation' in English, or MDMK) is yet another offshoot of the DMK. It was formed in May 1994, after (popularly known as Vaiko), a senior leader and from DMK, was expelled from the party. Barring, perhaps, their more radical support for an independent in the,the MDMK do not have major ideological differences with the other Dravidian parties. MDMK shares its goals with the DMK and AIADMK in respect to State, constitutional protection for the formula and making Tamil an official language of the Indian Union.
In 2004, Tamil film director and actor who was earlier expelled from DMK launched the ('All India Principled Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam' in English). Offshoots of AIADMK Soon after MGR's death in 1987, his wife took over as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.This appointment was opposed by former actress and politician. The resistance from Jayalalithaa eventually led to the dismissal of the AIADMK government, the shortest lived government in the history of Tamil Nadu, by the Central Government of India then led. The antagonism built up and the AIADMK split into two fragments.The refused to accept either of them as the successor of the original party and were allocated.The faction led by MGR's widow chose to use two doves, with a large dove holding leafy branch in its beak, as if feeding the smaller dove. Jayalalithaa's faction was represented by a crowing cock.Although both factions lost the 1989 state elections, Jayalalithaa's AIADMK won 27 seats when compared to just one won by Janaki's. Following the election defeat, Janaki retired from active politics and the two party factions rejoined into one party.Other breakaways in AIADMK were witnessed in 1990s, when and, due to personal differences with Jayalalithaa, formed (MGR's Organisation) and (MGR's and Anna's DMK) respectively.
Dravidian parties in central government Although the DMK and the AIADMK started playing a minimal role in the decision-making process in the in the late 1960s, their actual participation in came only in 1979, when two AIADMK Members of Parliament, and, joined the short-lived Ministry, which followed the -led government (1977–79). The DMK's joined the Ministry in 1989. The DMK shared power with the subsequent governments led. In the Ministry (1998–99), three parties from Tamil Nadu, the AIADMK, the (MDMK) were represented. In the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Ministry, headed by Vajpayee (1999–2004), the DMK, the MDMK and the PMK all had representatives. In fact, it was in this Ministry that Tamil Nadu had the largest representation. At one stage there were 10 Ministers from Tamil Nadu, seven of them from the Dravidian parties.
In the Vajpayee Ministry (1998–99), the AIADMK's presence lasted only a few months. The -led central government included cabinet members from DMK. Ideology Dravidianism and Tamilism The principal ideals and goals of Dravidian parties at their incipience, which were borrowed from Dravidar Kazhagam, were social reforms such as ending religious beliefs, ending distinction, empowerment of women, ending Brahmin dominance in Tamil Nadu educational institutions and government, ending northern domination of the politics and economy of Tamil Nadu, opposition to Hindi as India's official language, and independence for Dravida Nadu from India.
The call for Dravida Nadu in the initial days during the meant a 'Dravidian state under the British Raj'.Although Annadurai defended his party's demand for Dravida Nadu in his maiden speech in the in 1962 and recorded his protest against a ban on demanding separation, a year later the demand had to be abandoned following the. This paradigm shift is often attributed to the Sixteenth Amendment to the or Anti-sectionist amendment, as it is usually called. Main article:first became politicized during the. With the advent of sound in films, large numbers of theater personnel were attracted, many of whom were already active in politics.Annadurai was a writer, director, and producer of many films that were used as a means of propagation of Dravidian ideologies.was a member of DK but later moved to DMK as one of its founding members. Nevertheless, he was expelled from the DMK following his comments on the party being a 'glamour party', a reaction which is attributed to his frustration over lack of recognition.M. Ramachandran was reputedly the most famous star of any Dravidian party.Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Karunanidhi has continued be active both in film script writing and politics until recent times.Former Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu and were both film stars who paired with MGR in many of his movies.
Other stars within the Dravidian parties include. Television DMK initially used Network for its propaganda which eventually led to the birth of the alternate Tamil Channel.Similarly, AIADMK earlier owned, which was later dissolved. It currently uses for its propaganda. Electoral symbol ofFlags Each Dravidian party is represented by its own flag. Black and Red are the usual colours used, a feature which traces its origin to Periyar's visit to.
On his arrival back home, he declared that his party members would wear black shirts whenever and wherever possible 'as a symbol of the present down-trodden condition of Dravidians'. The design of the DMK flag consists of two colour rectangles, with the top half black and the bottom half red. The black color reflects the dark political, economical and social situation of Dravidians.
Red is used to signify 'rising sunlight' that removes the darkness. The red rises from the bottom and is expected to slowly remove all the darkness. Years later, when DMK contested elections, it would take the 'rising sun' as the party symbol. AIADMK uses the black and red combination with a picture of Annadurai in white in the middle and hence it is sometimes characterised as being a tricoloured flag: black and red with white in the middle. The MDMK flag consists of two red stripes with a black stripe in the center. ^ Ramaswamy, Cho.
Archived from on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008. Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= ; Cite news requires newspaper=. ^ Viswanathan, S (10–23 April 2004). Frontline, The Hindu publishing. Archived from on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= ; Cite news requires newspaper=. Omvedt, Gail. Retrieved 19 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. Warrier, Shobha. Retrieved 16 July 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=.
University of Pennsylvania. Archived from on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-19. Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= ; Cite web requires website=. Arora, N.D.; Awasthy, S.S.
New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. ^ Viswanathan, S (10–23 April 2004). Retrieved 19 February 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. Jayanth, V (16 March 2005). Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Cite news requires newspaper=. Wyatt, AKJ (September–October 2002). 'New Alignments in South Indian Politics: The 2001 Assembly Elections in Tamil Nadu'. Asian Survey.
42 (5): 733–753. Venkatasubramanian, V (17 April 2006). Retrieved 19 February 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. ^ Subramanian, TS (6–19 December 2003).
Frontline, The Hindu publishing. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
Cite news requires newspaper=. ^. Retrieved 19 February 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. ^. 13 October 1999. Archived from on 3 March 2012.
Retrieved 2008-04-20. Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= ; Cite news requires newspaper=. ^. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. Sivapriyan, ETB (6 March 2008). Retrieved 19 February 2008.
Cite news requires newspaper=. ^ Hardgrave, Robert (1993). Journal of Democracy. 4 (4): 54–68.
Archived from on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008. Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl=. Pinto, Ambrose (1999).
'End of Dravidian Era in Tamil Nadu'. Economic and Political Weekly. 34 (24): 1483–1490. ^ Hardgrave, Robert (1965). 'The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis'.
Asian Survey. 5 (8): 399–407. ^ Wilkinson, Steven I (2006).
Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge University Press.
Retrieved 16 December 2008. Ravikumar (28 September 2005). The Sunday Pioneer. Retrieved 9 September 2008. ^ Ralhan, O.P.
Anmol Publications. Pp. 125–128.
^ Harris, John (4–17 March 2000). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 February 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. ^ Sarah, Dickey (1993). 'The Politics of Adulation: Cinema and the Production of Politicians in South India'. The Journal of Asian Studies.
52 (2): 340–372. ^ Rajagopalan, Swarna (2001).
Lynne Rienner Publishers. Pp. 152–154. Rajwat, Mamta (2004). Anmol Publications PVT. Counter Currents.
Archived from on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-19. Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= ; Cite web requires website=.
Subramanian, RS (26 September – 9 October 1998). Frontline, The Hindu Publishing. Retrieved 19 February 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. ^ Hardgrave, Jr, Robert L. (Winter 1964). 'The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism'.
Pacific Affairs. 37 (4): 396–411.
^ Phadnis, Urmila; Rajat Ganguly (2001). P. 227.
Hardgrave, Robert. Usha, 1979 (Originally published. P. 70. ^ Bukowski, Jeanie J; Swarna Rajagopalan (2000). Greenwood Publishing Group. Pp. 19–21.
^ Fisher, Margaret W (1964). 'India in 1963: A Year of Travail'. Asian Survey. 4 (3): 737–745. Kochanek, Stanley (1966). 'Post Nehru India: The Emergence of the New Leadership'.
Asian Survey. 6 (5): 288–299. Forrester, DB (1966). 'The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India'. Pacific Affairs.
39 (1/2): 19–36. 20 December 2007. Archived from on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-21. Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= ; Cite news requires newspaper=.
^ Hardgrave, Robert L, Jr (March 1973). 'Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK'. Asian Survey. 13 (3): 288–305.
^ Prasad, Madiraju Madhava (March 2006). 'From Virtual to Real Political Power: Film Stars Enter Electoral Politics'. Asia Research Institute ● Singapore. National University of Singapore. ARI working paper #59. Hardgrave, Robert L, Jr (March 1970).
Asian Survey. 10 (3): 256–262. Viswanathan, S (17 August 2001). Archived from on 24 November 2002. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= ; Cite news requires newspaper=. Retrieved 21 January 2009. Cite web requires website=. Subramaniamn, TS (30 July 2004). Retrieved 21 January 2009. Cite news requires newspaper=.
Ramachandran, K (22 July 2001). Retrieved 21 January 2009. Cite news requires newspaper=. Kantha, Sachi Sri (9 November 2008).
Retrieved 21 January 2009. Cite news requires newspaper=.
Mayilvaganan, M (2007). 'The Re-emergence of the Tamil Nadu Factor in India's Sri Lanka Policy'. Strategic Analysis. 31 (6): 943–964. 26 April 2004. Retrieved 1 December 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=.
^. 15 February 2004.
Retrieved 19 February 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=.
^. Archived from on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-19. Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= ; Cite web requires website=. Miller, Eric. Archived from on 14 March 2008.
Retrieved 2008-05-04. Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= ; Cite web requires website=.
Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha; Shankar Raghuraman (2004). Pp. 235–236. Subbramanian, TS (29 April – 12 May 2000). Frontline, The Hindu publishing. Retrieved 19 February 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=.
^ Hodges, Sarah (2005). Contributions to Indian Sociology. 39 (2): 251–277.:. Retrieved 19 February 2008. ^ Kohli, Atul (2001).
Cambridge University Press. Pp. 87–88. Hasan, Zoya (2 February 2003). Archived from on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008. Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= ; Cite news requires newspaper=.
Rajagopal, Indhu (1985). The Tyranny of Caste.
Vikar (Original from the ). 23 April 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. Pinto, Sanjay (13 May 2007). Retrieved 20 April 2008.
Cite news requires newspaper=. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. Menon, J (22 May 2007).
Indian Express. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. India television. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=.
Kumar, Ashytosh (23 December 2001). Tribune India. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
Cite news requires newspaper=. Iype, G (21 November 1997). Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=.
^ Chawla, P (17 November 1997). Archived from on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= ; Cite news requires newspaper=. 24 September 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
Cite news requires newspaper=. 4 October 2007.
Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. February 2004. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. 14 November 2007.
Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. Hindustan Times.
25 February 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. Times of India. 28 November 2007.
Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. Times of India. 27 November 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=. Ground report.
12 March 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
Cite news requires newspaper=. ^ Nadar, G (21 April 2006). Retrieved 20 April 2008. Cite news requires newspaper=.
We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This includes cookies from third party social media websites and ad networks. Such third party cookies may track your use on Filmibeat sites for better rendering. Our partners use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on Filmibeat website. However, you can change your cookie settings at any time.
Comments are closed.
|
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |